Need to know
If experience is a song, mood is the bassline. As your thoughts and sensations flow by, it’s your mood that provides the emotional undercurrent. It predisposes you to respond in certain ways to a dynamic and changing world. If you’re in a positive mood, a beautiful sunset pulses with awe and appreciation; a first sip of coffee hums with comfort amid the morning’s busy schedule. Conversely, if you’re in a bad mood, forgetting your wallet while shopping immediately introduces sharp notes of gloom and irritation.
But what happens when the bassline doesn’t match the music? Let’s say you usually feel happy and energised at work, but today you find yourself oddly steeped in apathy and resentment. Or you finally book the trip to Italy you’ve always dreamed of, but find your excitement diminishing before a crescendo of worry. Because mood usually provides a fairly constant emotional backdrop, when it swings unpredictably, it can be uncomfortable for us and disconcerting for the people around us. We’re going to provide you with some practical ways to better understand and cope with these swings, but before we do, it is helpful to dwell on what moods are exactly.
The difference between emotions, moods and mood swings
To unpack what is happening when you or someone close to you experiences mood swings, it is worth thinking about the relationship between emotion and mood.
Emotions are deeply automated programmes that allow you to quickly coordinate your response to something that’s happened in the world around you or in your own mind. The strength of the emotion guides you as to how urgently you should act; the type of emotion cues you how to act. Emotions such as joy or anger compel you to engage; others, such as fear or disgust, prompt you to withdraw. Some emotions such as happiness or anxiety are energising, while others like calmness and dejection prompt you to conserve your energy. Emotions also guide your attention, either outwards (affection or surprise) or inwards (relaxation or sadness). With each emotion, we are given an immediate cue to action.
In contrast, mood represents the integration of emotion into a less immediate and broader attitude for how you relate to your experiences. Rather than triggering a specific reaction now, a happy mood makes you more receptive to humour, connection and exploration. A sad mood might make you more generally introspective and less likely to take risks. An angry mood might make you less patient for things that block your goals and therefore quicker to take offence. And an anxious mood might lead you to be more vigilant for threats and quicker to interpret ambiguous challenges as reasons for withdrawal and avoidance. In other words, moods prime our responses by influencing the types of emotions likely to be provoked by our experiences, which is especially important when there is ambiguity about how to respond to a situation.
Mood swings are therefore unusual because they represent a rapid change in our receptivity to the world, often without a clear instigating event. Following a mood swing, the whole polarity of experience shifts around you; the world’s possibilities flex and invert themselves without a clear cause. This is especially disconcerting because, while emotions fluctuate with circumstances, we usually expect our moods to provide stability and predictability – most of the time they smooth out the randomness of momentary experience rather than introduce a sense of disorientation.
Mood as an aspect of personality
Anyone’s mood can be shifted by a significant-enough experience or through the cumulative effect of more minor events. But whether and how often your mood changes is also closely tied to your personality and temperament. Certain traits such as neuroticism (the tendency toward negative emotions) and extraversion (the tendency toward positive emotions and excitement) can influence your mood stability.
Imagine an actor reading a scathing review of the opening night of his play. Regardless of his personality, the acerbic criticisms are likely to trigger an immediate negative emotional response – he might angrily throw the magazine in the bin or slump with disappointment in his chair. However, the impact on his mood will vary depending on his personality. If he’s low in neuroticism, he might quickly shrug off the bad news and retain his jovial mood with friends later that night. In contrast, if he is high in neuroticism, the bad news might plunge him into a funk lasting days, prompting him to ask his friends to leave him alone.
Mood swings can be a sign of a more serious underlying problem
While some people are naturally more prone to mood swings, at other times mood swings may be a response to unexpected triggers that disrupt the brain’s natural stabilising system. Stress, sleep deprivation, and certain medications or substances can all be culprits – many of us will have experienced the dark mood of a hangover! Although disconcerting, these mood swings are simply part of life – challenging but manageable with the right tools. Yet other times mood swings point to a more serious condition that won’t be resolved by a sandwich or nap, such as bipolar disorder, where emotional highs and lows are extreme and can significantly impact daily life.
If your mood has been less stable than usual lately (or for a while) and you’re finding it concerning, here are some practical steps for how to manage these swings – and how to tell the difference between those that are mundane and those that could signal something more serious going on.